[雙語翻譯]健身外文翻譯--健身革命全球健身與健身文化的歷史變遷

1、6800 英文單詞， 英文單詞，3.6 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 1.1 萬字 萬字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Andreasson J, Johansson T. The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness Culture[J]. Sport Science Review, 2014, 23(3-4)

2、:91-111.The Fitness Revolution.Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness CultureJesper ANDREASSON? Thomas JOHANSSONToday, fitness gyms and private health clubs are a huge global business. Fitness has turne

3、d into a folk movement, but not one comparable to the old 20th-century movements, often connected to national sentiments, but instead a highly individualized preoccupation. In this article the historical development of m

4、odern gym and fitness culture is described and an analytically developed approach to the understanding of the emergence of this multi-billion-dollar phenomenon is developed. The analysis suggest that the techniques, tool

5、s, and physical exercises used today in gyms all over the world are the results of a physical culture developed and refined during the 20th century. The body ideals, exercises, techniques, and the pedagogy of fit- ness h

6、ave become an increasingly international enterprise. A tentative analysis of the globalization of gym and fitness culture is developed and presented. Three important and decisive phases in the globalization of gym and fi

7、tness culture are identified and analyzed.Keywords: fitness culture, history, body, globalizationSince the 1970s we have been witnessing a global transformation and massive expansion of the fitness industry. According to

8、 the International Health, Racquet Author, 2013).3 Originally, this body subculture was viewed almost exclusively and understood as a male preserve. Another landmark for bodybuilding as a phenomenon can be found in the

9、movie and book Pumping Iron from the late 1970s, where several popular bodybuilders, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger and Lou Ferrigno, are portrayed, while they work out at the famous Gold’s Gym in Venice Beach, California

10、 (Gaines Klein, 1993).The movie Pumping Iron II (1985), portraying four women preparing for the Caesars similar tendencies have permeated the gym and fitness culture. The Americanization thesis has been the topic of con

11、siderable debate and discussion. When it comes to the gym and fitness culture, it is highly relevant to discuss how bodybuilding and fitness, and the whole industry connected to them, have been historically imbued with A

12、merican values and cultural conceptions of beauty, bodies and the individual’s responsibility for taking care of and cultivating the body (Melnick Monaghan, 2007).The modern roots of bodybuilding and fitness clearly are

13、 to be found in the United States (Klein, 1993). But in relation to this observation, one important question is whether it is possible to talk about a global gym and fitness culture. To what extent are we witness to a re

14、latively homogenized and global form of body and lifestyle ideals? Or should we instead analyze the global spread of gym and fitness in terms of local developments? Urry (2003, see also 2007) de- scribes the relation bet

15、ween the global and local the following way:‘The global and local are inextricably and irreversibly bound together through a dynamic relationship with huge flows of ‘resources’ moving backwards and forwards between the t

16、wo. Neither the global nor local exists without the other. The global-local develops in a symbiotic, unstable and irreversible set of relationships in which each gets transformed through billions of worldwide iteration

17、s dynamically evolving over time.’ (Urry, 2003, p. 84)This seems to be a nuanced way of approaching and analysing different global phenomena (Ram, 2004; Bale & Christensen, 2004). There is evidence on the one hand po

18、inting towards local and national approaches to and interpretations of gym and fitness (Steen-Johnson, 2007). But there is also some sup- port on the other hand for the McDonaldization thesis and arguments pointing towar

19、ds a successively more homogenizing tendency in global gym and fitness culture (Ritzer, 2011). In this article we will analyze the globalization of gym and fitness culture, and identify a number of historically significa

20、nt transformations in the global gym and fitness industry.The Pre-history of the gymThe history of gym culture is a global story of the development of an extensive, international, and commercial business sector. As earli

21、er stated, we are witnessing, during a quite short historical period of time from the 1970s until today, a rather drastic rise in the numbers of commercial fitness gyms, private fitness clubs, franchised chains, internat

22、ional fitness magazines, professional trainers, and so forth (Stern, 2011).The modern roots of this culture can be traced back to the early 19th century European Turnhalle (gymnasium) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn’s turnkuns

23、t and to the methods for exercise developed by, for example, the Swedish teacher Per Henrik Ling and Niels Bukh in Denmark (Author, 1998). Furthermore, the interest in muscles also was attached to a fascination for the g

24、rotesque (Author, 1998). In the late 1800s and early 1900s, for example, there was a growing interest in so-called strongmen who performed in circuses and elsewhere in the United States (Kimmel, 1996). It is possible, of

25、 course, to find earlier roots in ancient Greece and Rome. Consequently, there are a number of influences leading successively to contemporary gym and fitness culture. Furthermore, building muscles and devoting time to s

26、trengthening the body has been mainly a male preoccupation closely related to warfare, violence, and later on to the building of nation-states—thus, a practice that could be related clearly to what Mosse (1996) refers to