外文翻譯---起重機創(chuàng)新設計展望

1、<p>　　Crane innovative design Prospects </p><p>　　1 Outline </p><p>　　With the new century, new patterns of global industry changes and the level of China’s rapid development of industrial

2、technology, Innovative design has drawn increasing attention to institutions and enterprises. Crane also extremely active market in recent years up to the crane design, no doubt brought a higher level of development requ

3、irements, crane innovative design has become the most important enterprises to improve competitiveness means and ways.</p><p>　　With the rapid development of modern computer control technology to make compre

4、hensive consideration of the design of crane control system reliability, operation comfort, organization and structure, there have been generalized optimization demands a higher level，Cranes must be designed so the conve

5、ntional design from the original model come out with new ideas, new principles, new methods, new technologies and new techniques to design new products to adapt to new situations, creative design issue</p><p&g

6、t;　　Crane innovative design theories, methods and tools are based on modern design theory and method, applied micro-electronics, information, management and other modern scientific techniques to improve product quality,

7、customer satisfaction, price and style, improve product features, shorten product development cycle for the purpose of the relevant work done. Crane innovation theory, method and technology research aim is special equipm

8、ent from the crane as required by the work of security and relia</p><p>　　According to reality and development, design means more and more reflect the precision, automation, virtualization and fast character

9、istics. Modern crane products are toward the mechanical and electrical integration, integration, modular, individualized direction. Automatic detection, automatic data processing (Operations, determine, storage, memory),

10、 automatic display, automatic control, fault diagnosis and automatic protection and maintenance functions are a large number of applications. There</p><p>　　At the same time highly integrated design for mode

11、rn cranes significant trend. With advanced technology and good design can be cost-effective crane is mechanical, electrical designers, manufacturing engineers, management, marketing, personnel and workers, accountants, p

12、atent lawyers together, the collective wisdom and trends.</p><p>　　The following points are the innovative design direction of crane: </p><p>　　(1) Integrated with the components, agencies conci

13、se, structured fully optimized machine design;</p><p>　　(2) To meet the specific requirements of individual users personalized design;</p><p>　　(3) Diversity and low cost to meet market requirem

14、ents with new technologies, new crane series features modular design;</p><p>　　(4) Self-analysis, self-adjusting, self-correction, intelligent operation of automatic, semi-automatic operation of the form of

15、a high degree of mechanical and electrical integration of the crane design; </p><p>　　(5) The introduction of new high-precision weighing sensor technology and positioning systems crane design;</p>&l

16、t;p>　　(6) The design and the corresponding high-speed crane anti-sway, accurate alignment of the technology;</p><p>　　(7) Expert system with parametric design of the rapid response;</p><p>　　

17、(8) Immediate response based on the cost economics of DFC (Design For Cost) design;</p><p>　　(9) Very short delivery time requirements parallel design and concurrent engineering design;</p><p>　

18、　(10) Product life cycle based on the convenience of maintenance and repair of the design and maintenance-free design;</p><p>　　(11) Large single complex product design and dynamic simulation of virtual real

19、ization;</p><p>　　(12) The generalized optimization design;</p><p>　　(13) Crane dynamic (fatigue life analysis of) the extensive application of research results. </p><p>　　Truly inn

20、ovative design is the design of the various methods and techniques of organic composition and utilization. Design work has never been isolated, the resulting technical and management related issues: From the PDM, CAPP, E

21、RP, PLM to the whole process of CRM management of closed-loop feedback; From design, engineering, production, installation, commissioning and operation of the whole process of information management; Enterprise collabora

22、tive design and manufacturing of MVPN research; bas</p><p>　　2 Status and development trend of domestic and foreign </p><p>　　For decades after World War II, the major advanced industrial count

23、ries have begun to pay attention to the design of the study, the level of crane design technology also developed rapidly. United Kingdom from 60’s, on national policies and financial resources to support the development

24、and promotion of innovative design; Germany proposed design is science, to design the development of science has reached a considerable scale; The United States set up the Planning Board Japan also attaches great </p&

25、gt;<p>　　The development of China’s crane design has gone through a tortuous process. More than before the design is based on imitation of the Soviet Union mainly, with the designer’s experience, a great product d

26、esign limitations. From the 60’s, started a new product development and design of new components and experimental research, to make the design experience from design imitation and gradually to experimental research and a

27、nalysis phase. To 80 years, BaoGang and some very large companies with forei</p><p>　　However, our crane design are still many problems, primarily the design of most small and medium analysis is not enough,

28、low capital investment, personnel training, keep up with development needs, has not formed to develop new products or old products, design and ability to cope with the introduction of advanced technologies and products,

29、not from a design perspective digestion, and no ability to re-innovation. Designers do not form a reasonable echelon; the product is still the same kind for se</p><p>　　2.1 Reduce design, procurement and pr

30、oduction costs </p><p>　　Domestic and foreign experts on the cost estimates and methods to reduce costs a lot of research, some enterprises in program design, and quotation system such as the work of the res

31、ults achieved to some extent. German scholars of the cost structure and classification, with the relative costs of different design concept to realize the contrast between the evaluation， At the same time using the desig

32、n methodology and design of cost control features of cost and design features of the transformatio</p><p>　　2.2 Innovative design of the Rapid Response</p><p>　　Tokyo International Conference i

33、n 1992 formally proposed concurrent engineering technology, developed as the basis to reduce the design period of rapid design techniques (RDT), Current international design in parallel for rapid design, rapid prototypin

34、g, serialization modular technology and the development of virtual manufacturing technologies are relatively fast, but crane industry has not been large-scale popularization and application.</p><p>　　2.3 Si

35、mulation and Virtual Design</p><p>　　Study abroad are more active, the simulation of mechanical product design modeling, including the current most widely used finite element method (FEM), finite difference

36、method. Simulation technology is increasingly widely used, so that it can overcome the physical space and time constraints. Digital prototype simulation designed crane products on large and complex program evaluation; re

37、view of agency action principle, the structure interference check is of great practical significance. At the s</p><p>　　2.4 Intelligent design</p><p>　　The major industrial countries are from t

38、raditional CAD technology continues to intelligent CAD (ICAD) and the direction of man-machine intelligent design system, electrical control system from the analysis, self-adjusting, self-correction, intelligent level in

39、creased, which make cranes the whole process of design and use of automation and intelligence can be achieved.</p><p>　　2.5 Optimal Design of Generalized</p><p>　　Home about numerical optimizat

40、ion techniques applied to engineering design early 70s, and the current discrete and random variable optimization, structural optimization, intelligent optimization, optimization modeling and optimization of complex syst

41、ems research methodology has been made in the fields of theory and a considerable level of application of the results, But extended to the forward modeling, processing model, backward extended to the whole process of opt

42、imization results show that la</p><p>　　3 Objectives and key content and direction</p><p>　　3.1 Target</p><p>　　Research and product innovation to grasp the theory and method, and

43、 applied to a number of focused product design, improve product design capability and level of integrated, so that crane products in the product quality, price, delivery and function of type (shape color) and so on to me

44、et the evolving needs of users, in the fierce market competition take more share.</p><p>　　3.2 Main contents</p><p>　　3.2.1 Innovative design techniques</p><p>　　Type carried out

45、on the crane drive innovation, structures and functions of innovation theory and technology innovation base in theoretical research, we analyze the new material, new techniques, new gear, and thus through the optimizatio

46、n of different design, decomposition and combination to produce a new design, has introduced a new innovative design results transmission.</p><p>　　3.2.2 Cost design</p><p>　　In the product des

47、ign process cost-oriented design techniques and technologies in parallel cost estimate is critical to product cost reduction, The focus is to study the cost structure analysis and value engineering analysis techniques, a

48、nd the need to construct a variety of specific design knowledge base and cost data to accurately estimate the cost of parallel. Immediate response to achieve product cost through design adjustments to control the product

49、 design stage to achieve the true cost of </p><p>　　3.2.3 Rapid Design Technology</p><p>　　Market demand for very short delivery time requirement to carry out web-based collaboration (offsite)

50、design, concurrent engineering technology, this can shorten the product development cycle. Among them, the series modular design, artificial intelligence, product design expert system technology and virtual manufacturing

51、 technology is designed to be fast an important part of the study.</p><p>　　3.2.4 Simulation and Virtual Design</p><p>　　Modeling and simulation software is the computer simulation technology t

52、o the important research topics on the innovative design of considerable research, and fuzzy expert system and artificial neural network technology into the simulation system will contribute to the formation of an effici

53、ent, intelligent crane simulation system. The Virtual Reality (VR) techniques, but will make a crane with a more realistic simulation technology to facilitate input and output system that can quickly make a v</p>

54、<p>　　3.2.5 Intelligent Design Technology</p><p>　　Crane Intelligent CAD (ICAD) system technology and machine technology of intelligent design, intelligent design makes for CIMS to the advanced stage o

55、f intelligent design. Intelligent design principle scheme; collaborative solving; case-based reasoning; knowledge acquisition, expression and use of technologies such as intelligent design technology is also important to

56、 study the contents of.</p><p>　　3.2.6 General optimization techniques and optimization of the whole process of design</p><p>　　Crane generalized optimization technology will allow people to bu

57、ild from the model, processing, until the whole process of optimization results show that optimized. Modern design techniques in general optimal design method and its applications have become increasingly mature, normal

58、continuous variable optimization, hybrid discrete variable optimization, has been developed to optimize the design random variables (reliability optimal design), optimal design of fuzzy variables, single objective o</

59、p><p>　　4 Summaries</p><p>　　Innovative design is the crane technology has improved continuously and the source of development, the outcome of the full use of modern information technology and mod

60、ern management methods, Modern design techniques integrated crane technology will play a significant role in promoting, crane technology has been growing rapidly, Who innovative design is done well, grasps the technical

61、advantages, grasps the market.</p><p><b>　　起重機創(chuàng)新設計展望</b></p><p><b>　　1 概述</b></p><p>　　隨著新世紀全球工業(yè)格局的新變化和我國工業(yè)技術水平的快速發(fā)展，創(chuàng)新設計越來越引起院校和企業(yè)的重視。起重機市場近年來也異常的活躍起來，這無疑給

62、起重機的設計帶來了更高層次的發(fā)展要求，起重機的創(chuàng)新設計已經成為各企業(yè)提升競爭能力的最主要手段和途徑。</p><p>　　隨著現(xiàn)代計算機控制技術飛速發(fā)展，使得起重機的設計在綜合考慮控制系統(tǒng)安全可靠性、操作的舒適性、機構及結構廣義優(yōu)化等方面有了更高層次的要求，因此起重機的設計必須從原來的常規(guī)設計模式中跳出來，用新觀點、新原理、新方法、新技術、新工藝來設計適應新形勢的新產品，創(chuàng)新設計的課題已實實在在地擺在了起重機設計

63、師們的面前。</p><p>　　起重機創(chuàng)新設計的理論、方法與工具是基于現(xiàn)代設計理論和方法，應用微電子、信息、管理等現(xiàn)代科學技術，以提高產品質量、用戶滿意的價格和造型、提高產品的功能、縮短產品開發(fā)周期為目的而進行的相應工作。起重機創(chuàng)新理論、方法與技術研究的宗旨是從起重機作為特種設備所要求的安全性和可靠性的工作目標出發(fā)，在特定技術性、經濟性約束條件下，創(chuàng)造性地完成起重機的創(chuàng)新設計，使其在滿足用戶交貨期和性能要求的前

64、提下做到技術性與經濟性最佳搭配。</p><p>　　根據(jù)現(xiàn)實和發(fā)展，設計手段越來越體現(xiàn)出精確化、自動化、虛擬化與快捷的特點?，F(xiàn)代的起重機產品正朝著機電一體化、集成化、模塊化、個性化方向發(fā)展。自動檢測、自動數(shù)據(jù)處理（運算、判斷、存儲、記憶）、自動顯示、自動控制、故障診斷和自動保護及維護等功能得到了大量的應用。因此起重機產品創(chuàng)新設計以降低設計成本，提高設計速度，縮短設計周期為目的，包括降低成本設計、可靠性設計、快速

65、設計、并行設計、仿真與虛擬設計、智能設計、廣義優(yōu)化設計等現(xiàn)代設計技術。同時高度綜合也是現(xiàn)代起重機設計的顯著趨勢。具有先進技術和良好經濟效益的起重機設計可以說是機、電設計師、制造工程師、管理營銷人員以及工人、財會人員、專利律師等通力合作、集體智慧的結晶。</p><p>　　以下幾點是起重機創(chuàng)新設計的發(fā)展方向：</p><p>　　(1)具有零部件集成化、機構簡潔化、結構全面優(yōu)化的整機設計；

66、</p><p>　　(2)滿足個性用戶的特殊要求的個性化設計；</p><p>　　(3)滿足市場多樣性和低成本要求的具有新技術特征的起重機新系列產品的模塊化設計；</p><p>　　(4)具有自分析、自調整、自糾錯的智能化操作的全自動、半自動操作形式的高度機電一體化的起重機設計；</p><p>　　(5)采用新的傳感技術具有高精度稱量

67、和定位系統(tǒng)的起重機設計；</p><p>　　(6)高速起重機的設計及相應防搖擺、準確對位技術的應用；</p><p>　　(7)采用參數(shù)化專家系統(tǒng)的快速反應設計；</p><p>　　(8)基于成本即時反應的經濟性DFC（Design For Cost）設計；</p><p>　　(9)極短交貨期要求采用并行設計及并行工程技術的設計；<

68、;/p><p>　　(10)基于產品全壽命周期的方便維護維修的設計及免維護設計；</p><p>　　(11)大型單臺復雜產品的虛擬設計及動態(tài)仿真的實現(xiàn)；</p><p>　　(12)采用廣義優(yōu)化技術的設計；</p><p>　　(13)起重機動力學（疲勞壽命的分析研究）研究成果的廣泛應用。</p><p>　　真正意義上

69、的創(chuàng)新設計是上述諸多設計方法和技術的有機組合及綜合利用。設計工作從來都不是孤立存在的，由此產生了相關的技術和管理問題：從PDM、CAPP、ERP、PLM 到CRM 的全過程閉環(huán)反饋信息管理；從設計、工藝、制造、安裝、調試到運行的全過程信息化管理；面向企業(yè)異地協(xié)同設計與制造的MVPN 的研究；基于CPC 和MVPN 的快速設計與制造一體化系統(tǒng)；專利技術的大量涌現(xiàn)及知識產權保護問題。</p><p>　　2 現(xiàn)狀及

70、國內外發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　二戰(zhàn)以后的幾十年來，各主要發(fā)達工業(yè)國家先后開始重視對設計技術的研究，起重機的設計技術水平也得到快速發(fā)展。英國從60 年代開始，就以國家政策和財力來支持發(fā)展與推廣創(chuàng)新設計；德國提出“設計就是科學”，使其設計學的發(fā)展已達到相當規(guī)模；美國成立了“設計委員會”；日本同樣也非常重視設計技術的發(fā)展，將設計看作是技術、經濟、美學和人機工程學的一體化整體，并極力推廣和采用新技術?？傊?，經濟技術

71、發(fā)達國家越來越重視設計工作并大量引入創(chuàng)新設計，使得整個機電產品也包括起重機械產品的造型設計、安全可靠性、技術經濟性等方面發(fā)生著越來越快的變化，設計水平也日益提高。</p><p>　　我國起重機設計的發(fā)展經歷了一個曲折的過程。以前多是以模仿原蘇聯(lián)的設計為主，憑借設計者的經驗，產品設計的局限性很大。從60 年代起，開始了新產品、新部件的開發(fā)設計與實驗研究工作，從而使設計從仿制和經驗設計逐漸走向實驗研究和計算分析階段

72、。到了80 年代，隨著寶鋼等一些超大型企業(yè)對國外起重機的引進及與國外進行聯(lián)合設計、國內制造等形式的采用，開始在國內引入了一些國際上的先進技術與設計方法。同時將計算機應用技術引入設計領域，對起重機設計工作的發(fā)展起了很大的推動作用。</p><p>　　但是，我國起重機設計領域仍存在不少問題，主要是大多中小企業(yè)對設計研究分析不夠，資金投入少，人員培訓工作跟不上發(fā)展的需要，一直沒形成開發(fā)新產品或更新老產品的設計和應變能

73、力，對引進的先進技術和產品，沒有從設計的角度進行消化，更沒有能力進行再創(chuàng)新工作。沒有形成合理的設計人員梯隊，產品仍然是幾十年不變樣，目前仍以照抄照搬為生存方式，沒有自己的知識產權，只是在應付低價拿來的合同。為數(shù)不多的幾個大型企業(yè)則在創(chuàng)新設計中快速發(fā)展，使得國內起重機設計能力和水平逐步與國外的先進設計縮短了距離。這些企業(yè)已大量采用新的計算機新技術，二維CAD 早已普及，三維設計已推廣。電氣設計采用ED 等先進設計手段，引入定子調壓和變頻調

74、速，PLC 參與系統(tǒng)控制，采用了大量高新傳感元器件，實現(xiàn)了定位準確，操控方便，其安全可靠性也逐步提高。通過專家系統(tǒng)的應用，極大地推進了創(chuàng)新設計的進程，并且利用系統(tǒng)論和信息論等現(xiàn)代計算機應用技術研究成果，使得起重機的創(chuàng)新設計開始向智能化方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　2.1 降低設計、采購和制造成本</p><p>　　國內外專家對成本估算及降低成本的方法進行了大量的研究，部分企業(yè)在方案設

75、計、報價系統(tǒng)等方面的工作取得了一定程度的成效。德國學者提出了成本結構和分類，用相對成本概念來實現(xiàn)不同設計方案之間的對比評價，同時利用設計方法學和控制成本的設計思想研究成本特征與設計特征之間的轉化，提出了面向用戶的目標成本核算法；美國學者（在面向報價方面）對已有或生產過的產品作回歸統(tǒng)計的結果，建立了成本模型；日本、瑞士、英國等學者也均對制造階段的成本估算進行了較多的研究。但由于研究經費和人力不足，工作量和難度大等原因，進展仍很緩慢。國內的

76、許多學者也對這一課題進行了數(shù)年的研究，提出了DFC 和DTC 的研究模式，完成了全方位分析比較的單臺和系列起重機設計水平和設計目標成本的綜合評價體系。但數(shù)據(jù)積累量較少，實用范圍較小。從上述可看出，對產品降低成本的設計長期以來還一直停留在局部階段的分析和計算，尚未把它納入到貫穿設計全過程一體化的CAD 系統(tǒng)中，且未引入產品的全壽命周期概念，導致分析結果大多是定性的，少數(shù)定量分析又是基于有限數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析基礎上的，因此，建立支持設計全過程尤

77、其是初始方案和總體結構設計階段的成本信息模型已成為</p><p>　　2.2 創(chuàng)新設計的快速反應</p><p>　　1992 年東京國際會議上正式提出了并行工程技術，在此基礎上發(fā)展成旨在縮短產品設計周期的快速設計技術（RDT），目前國際上在針對快速設計的并行設計技術、快速原型技術、系列化模塊化技術和虛擬制造技術等發(fā)展均較為迅速，但起重機行業(yè)還沒有得到大范圍的推廣應用。</p&g

78、t;<p>　　2.3 仿真與虛擬設計技術</p><p>　　國內外的研究均較為活躍，在機械產品設計的仿真建模中，目前應用最廣泛的包括有限元方法（FEM）、有限差分法等。仿真技術得到了日益廣泛的使用，從而能突破物理空間和時間的限制。數(shù)字化樣機的仿真設計對大型復雜起重機產品的方案評審、機構動作原理審查、結構干涉檢查等具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實意義。同時在計算機虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)（VRS）環(huán)境中的虛擬設計（VD）

79、技術方面的研究也開始受到人們的重視。</p><p>　　2.4 智能設計技術</p><p>　　各主要工業(yè)發(fā)達國家正從傳統(tǒng)的CAD 技術不斷向智能CAD（ICAD）和人機智能化設計系統(tǒng)方向發(fā)展，電氣控制系統(tǒng)自分析、自調整、自糾錯的智能化水平不斷提高，使得起重機的設計和使用全過程的自動化和智能化得以實現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　2.5 廣義優(yōu)化設計</p&

80、gt;<p>　　國內的數(shù)值優(yōu)化技術約在70 年代初應用于工程設計，且目前離散和隨機變量優(yōu)化、結構優(yōu)化、智能優(yōu)化、優(yōu)化建模和復雜系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化方法學等領域的研究已取得具有相當水平的理論和應用成果，但對向前擴展到建立模型、處理模型，向后擴展到優(yōu)化結果顯示的全過程的研究還不夠深入和全面，與主要工業(yè)發(fā)達國家有著一定差距。國內關于起重機的設計參數(shù)的敏感度分析以及廣義優(yōu)化的具體應用也取得了初步成效。</p><p>

81、;　　3 目標及主要研究內容和方向</p><p><b>　　3.1 目標</b></p><p>　　研究并掌握產品創(chuàng)新設計的理論與方法，并有重點地應用于一批產品設計中，提高產品綜合設計能力和水平，使起重機產品在產品質量、價格、交貨期及功能、型式（造型色彩）等方面滿足用戶不斷發(fā)展的需求，在激烈的市場競爭中占據(jù)較多的份額。</p><p>

82、;　　3.2 主要研究內容</p><p>　　3.2.1 創(chuàng)新設計技術</p><p>　　開展對起重機傳動型式創(chuàng)新、結構構造創(chuàng)新和功能原理創(chuàng)新等方面理論及技術基礎研究，為此著重研究新材料、新工藝、新的傳動裝置，從而通過對不同設計方案的優(yōu)選、分解和組合來產生新的設計方案，不斷推出傳新創(chuàng)新設計成果。</p><p>　　3.2.2 降低成本設計技術</p

83、><p>　　在產品設計過程中采用面向成本設計技術和并行的成本估算技術是使產品成本降低的關鍵，其中重點要研究的是成本結構分析技術和價值工程分析技術，且需要構造多種專用的設計知識庫和成本數(shù)據(jù)庫來精確地并行估算成本。做到產品成本的即時反應，通過設計方案的調整實現(xiàn)設計階段控制產品成本的真實實現(xiàn)。創(chuàng)新并不總等同于用較高的成本去發(fā)明新的零部件，利用標準構件，甚至標準件和外購件同樣也可以組合成新產品，這也是一種創(chuàng)新。</p

84、><p>　　3.2.3 快速設計技術</p><p>　　極短交貨期的市場需求要求開展基于網絡的協(xié)同（異地）設計技術、并行工程技術研究，這樣可以縮短產品的開發(fā)周期。其中，系列化模塊化設計技術、人工智能技術、產品專家設計系統(tǒng)技術和虛擬制造技術也是快速設計的所要研究的重要內容。</p><p>　　3.2.4 仿真與虛擬設計技術</p><p>

85、;　　建模及仿真軟件是計算機仿真技術中的重要研究課題，對創(chuàng)新設計的可觀化研究，以及將專家系統(tǒng)模糊決策和人工神經網絡等技術引入仿真系統(tǒng)的研究將有助于形成一個高效的、智能的起重機仿真系統(tǒng)。開展虛擬現(xiàn)實（VR）技術的研究，將使起重機的仿真技術具有一個更加真實方便的輸入輸出系統(tǒng)，可以快捷地做出各種方案評價和決策。</p><p>　　3.2.5 智能設計技術研究</p><p>　　起重機智能C

86、AD（ICAD）技術和人機智能化設計系統(tǒng)技術的研究，使得面向CIMS的智能設計走向智能設計的高級階段。原理方案智能設計；協(xié)同求解；基于實例的推理；知識獲取、表達和利用等技術也是智能設計技術所要研究的重要內容。</p><p>　　3.2.6 廣義優(yōu)化技術和全過程的優(yōu)化設計</p><p>　　起重機廣義優(yōu)化技術的研究將使得人們能夠從模型的建立、處理、一直到優(yōu)化結果顯示等全過程進行優(yōu)化?，F(xiàn)

87、代設計技術中的一般性優(yōu)化設計方法及其應用已日趨成熟，普通的連續(xù)變量優(yōu)化設計、混合離散變量優(yōu)化設計，已發(fā)展到隨機變量優(yōu)化設計（可靠性優(yōu)化設計）、模糊變量優(yōu)化設計，單目標優(yōu)化設計已發(fā)展到多目標優(yōu)化設計。僅將優(yōu)化設計的范圍局限于優(yōu)化方法及其應用程序的編制上已不能適應當代起重機技術發(fā)展的需要，只有全局優(yōu)化才是現(xiàn)代起重機的優(yōu)化，廣義的優(yōu)化設計應是優(yōu)化設計的重要發(fā)展方向，其內容主要包括工程優(yōu)化設計問題的自動建模技術、優(yōu)化設計問題的前處理與后處理、優(yōu)